Non-Rationalised Economics NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 9th to 12th)
9th					10th					11th					12th

Class 9th Chapters
1. The Story Of Village Palampur	2. People As Resource	3. Poverty As A Challenge
4. Food Security In India

Class 9th Economics NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A (Non-Rationalised)

1. The Story Of Village Palampur

This chapter uses the hypothetical **Village Palampur** as a case study to introduce basic economic concepts related to production. It discusses the factors of production: land, labour, physical capital (fixed and working capital), and human capital. The primary economic activity in Palampur is **farming**, and the chapter explains various farming methods, including traditional and modern techniques (using HYV seeds, irrigation, fertilizers). Non-farming activities (like dairy, small-scale manufacturing, transport, shopkeeping) are also covered, illustrating how resources are combined to produce goods and services and generate income ($\textsf{₹}$) in a rural Indian setting.

2. People As Resource

This chapter views **population** not just as a number but as a potential asset – a **resource** or **human capital** – when invested in. It argues that investment in human capital through **education** and **health** increases productivity, skills, and economic contribution. The chapter discusses how a virtuous cycle of investment in human capital can lead to higher incomes ($\textsf{₹}$), better health outcomes, and a more skilled workforce, benefiting both individuals and society. It contrasts this with the challenges faced by countries that do not invest adequately in their people, highlighting the importance of human resource development for economic growth, particularly relevant for a populous nation like India.

3. Poverty As A Challenge

This chapter examines **poverty** as a major economic and social problem in India and globally. It discusses how poverty is typically measured using a **poverty line**, based on minimum consumption levels (food, clothing, housing, etc.) or income, which varies across countries and time. The chapter explores the social dimensions of poverty, including vulnerability, social exclusion, and lack of access to basic facilities. Causes of poverty (e.g., population growth, unemployment, unequal distribution of resources, lack of opportunities) and government **anti-poverty measures** (e.g., income generation schemes like MNREGA providing guaranteed wage employment $\textsf{₹}$) are discussed, highlighting the multifaceted nature of poverty and efforts to alleviate it in India.

4. Food Security In India

This chapter focuses on the issue of **food security** in **India**, defined as ensuring that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. It discusses how India has achieved self-sufficiency in food grains, especially following the **Green Revolution**. The chapter explains the components of food security in India, including the **Public Distribution System (PDS)** (providing subsidized food grains to vulnerable sections) and buffer stock management. It also highlights challenges to food security and government policies and programmes aimed at ensuring food and nutritional security for all citizens, particularly for the poor.